Soccer Scores Make Chance Rule

As the husband of a French woman, and a frequent visitor to Europe, I have had many conversations with lifelong fans of football (soccer). I have been met with a uniform wall of resistance to the idea that the game needs any changes. Yet it seems obvious to me and to many American friends that there is a fundamental flaw in the game: it is too hard to score. This is not some simpleminded American desire for offensive fireworks. This is a matter of statistics. A typical scoring action in soccer takes less than a minute. This includes offensive development that leads to a corner kick, for example. This means on average that a team has about 50 chances to score. But, in the World Cup at least, on average a team scores once. An offensive powerhouse might score twice. When it is this difficult to score, the merit of the winning team becomes increasingly less important and chance becomes more important. A single mistake or bad call can seal the fate of the game.

If purity of the game is a concern, consider that while the game has not changed, the players have changed dramatically. People are taller, faster, and more fit. World records in track regularly fall as even the level of elite athletes improves each decade. This has had a disproportionate benefit to defense in soccer. A survey of the average goals per game in the World Cup shows that scoring has fallen from 4.41 goals per game prior to 1960 to 2.63 goals per game since. This is a 40 per cent drop in scoring. If the game was perfect fifty years ago, it no longer is. Let the game evolve with the athletes. Make the goal larger. Or relax the offsides rule. When only 2.3 goals are scored per game, as in the 2006 World Cup, the average score is a tie, and that’s no way to decide a championship.

World Cup 2006

There was a lot of great soccer in the final match between Italy and France, with Italy looking stronger and attacking more in the first half and France dominating the second half and overtime. So it’s disappointing to see the match decided by penalty kicks, which are a poor measure of the quality of the team and the quality of play. Doubly disappointing to see Zidane inexcusably lose control and cast an ugly pall over the final. The 1-1 score is indicative of what I believe is a fundamental problem with soccer. Look for more on that later.

Road to Guantanamo

This was the closest I’ve ever come to leaving a theater in the middle of a film because it was making me physically ill. The film, directed by Michael Winterbottom, depicts the ordeal of three British men captured in Afghanistan in late 2001 and imprisoned at Guantanamo Bay for two years. They were released without ever having any charges filed against them. Most likely the only thing they are guilty of is incredibly poor judgment in deciding to enter Afghanistan at the start of the U.S.-led attack on the Taliban government. In addition to the cruel and degrading treatment of the prisoners at Guantanamo, the greater affront is that hundreds of people are being held prisoner without being charged with anything, without access to legal counsel, and without many of the rights that we Americans so pride ourselves on guaranteeing. Furthermore, can anyone possibly believe anything that a prisoner utters after years of physical and mental abuse? What sort of person can actually be satisfied that he has captured a real criminal or menace based on a confession coerced by the torment inflicted on these detainess? It serves only to diminish us, both in reality, and in the eyes of the world.

My criticism of the movie is that it is not clear until the end credits how much of the movie is a re-enactment (100%). While some of it is presented in documentary-style interviews, those interviews are with the actors portraying the “Tipton Three” prisoners. The movie would be more effective if the ground rules were explained at the beginning, outlining the sources of the information for what is portrayed and making it clear that it is a re-enactment.

An Inconvenient Truth

If you haven’t already seen it, “An Inconvenient Truth” is a powerful and compelling movie. Everyone should see it. While there is uncertainty about the magnitude of future temperature changes due to increased CO2 in the atmosphere, there is virtually no uncertainty that we are forcing the climate into a new regime. Because our ecosystem has adapted to our current environment, any change is bad news. Climate change of any sort means moving from a system to which all species have adapted to one for which they are not adapted. It took hundreds of millions of years for the biotic Carbon to be stored in fossil fuels that are now being burned to release that Carbon in the form of CO2 back into the atmosphere in only a few centuries. The Carbon cycle is therefore being dramatically perturbed and putting us into uncharted territory. I urge everyone to go to climatecrisis.net and carbonfund.org to see what can be done to sequester some of that Carbon instead of dumping eons of natural Carbon sequestration back into the atmosphere all at once.

Pirates 2: Dead Man’s Chest

I was treated to a pre-screening of “Pirates of the Caribbean 2″ last night (actually around 1:30 this morning). Amazingly, I did not feel sleepy during the movie. It has the same goofy charm and tongue-in-cheek humor of the first one, but with decidely more grotesquerie and less romance. There are a number of entertaining set pieces that are so over the top that even the characters in the movie take a break from buckling their swashes to stare in disbelief at what is happening. The ending is a less-than-satisfying set-up for “Pirates 3″ next summer, but all-in-all this movie is a lot of fun, and I look forward to seeing it again at a more decent hour.

Saturn’s Rings in Psychedelic Ultraviolet

For the first post in my blog it’s only fitting that I explain the image in my header. I created this image around 3:00 a.m. July 2, 2004 from a series of observations of Saturn’s rings made by the Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph on the Cassini spacecraft. The image took on a life of its own as it was featured in many newspapers around the world, was selected as one of Time magazine’s pictures of the year of 2004, and (my favorite) was shown on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. The image shows the outer third of Saturn’s ring system, with the Cassini Division in red at the left, and the turquoise A ring across the rest of the image. The thin red band at the right is the Encke Gap, a ~350 km wide gap that is home to a small moon, Pan, and a set of faint narrow rings not visible in this image.

There are two caveats that need to go with this image: (1) the original data is actually only a narrow strip across Saturn’s rings, and I stretched it azimuthally to make a larger and more ring-like picture. The implicit assumption of circular symmetry in this step is valid at the ~150 km resolution of the data; and (2) the red color represents the Lyman-alpha glow from interplanetary Hydrogen gas throughout the solar system shining through gaps and transparent regions in the rings. So, where it is red there is less ring material. The space beyond the edge of the ring is black instead of red because we had no data beyond the edge of the ring.