The Departed

Perhaps the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences will finally give Martin Scorcese an Oscar for Best Director. This movie, like many of his other movies, is certainly worthy of the distinction. Packed with a stellar cast and almost unrelenting tension, “The Departed” tells the story of an aging crime boss, Frank Costello (Jack Nicholson), and the police trying to build a case to arrest him. Costello has a mole, Detective Colin Sullivan (Matt Damon), in the State Police office that is trying to catch Costello, and the office has its own mole deep within Costello’s organization in Billy Costigan (Leonardo DiCaprio). Each is trying to figure out the identity of the other, while each move to make that identification runs the risk of revealing his own identity. Of course, Sullivan is in a safer position than Costigan because he faces only humiliation and a life in prison if he is discovered. Costigan, on the other hand, faces death at the hands of Costello. Scorcese gives us ample evidence that Costello is quite good at not only killing, but also inflicting pain. There is near constant suspense about the consequences of each move made by Costello, the police trying to catch him, and the two moles.

Scorcese does not show us all the details of either the police operation or Costello’s various criminal undertakings, choosing instead to spend more time on the personalities of the main characters, and the effects of being undercover on Costigan and Sullivan. Costigan, like virtually all of Costello’s henchmen, is under nearly constant suspicion. Scorcese shows us early on that Costello has no compunction about killing, and in every scene with Costello there is palpable tension over what he might do. Nicholson plays Costello with gleeful, evil, self-indulgence, and DiCaprio is convincing and sympathetic as a lost soul stuck in a horrible situation. Almost worse than the constant fear of discovery by Costello is Costigan’s inability to be honestly himself with anyone except the only two policemen who know his role as an undercover agent, and those he sees furtively and infrequently, running the risk of discovery with each contact.

Scorcese’s fondness for gangster movies has generally left me cold, but I liked this one best, I think, because it had a number of characters that I cared about. I was less interested in “Goodfellas”, widely regarded as a masterpiece by Scorcese, because I didn’t particularly want anything good to happen to any of the characters. While there are a lot of killings in “The Departed”, the violence is not exploitive or drawn out or sensationalized. Scorcese once again deserves an Oscar. Maybe this time he’ll get it.

Probing the Interiors of Giants

Giant planets, that is, not actual giants. We’ll leave the latter to Hagrid’s internist. Next week I’m off to the annual meeting of the Division of Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society, or “the DPS” for short. The DPS will give the Urey Prize to Tristan Guillot in recognition of his work studying the interiors of the giant planets. Today Tristan gave a seminar here in Colorado explaining how we can learn about the structure and composition of planets such as Jupiter and Saturn, and now also some of the more than 200 planets that have been discovered orbiting stars other than the Sun.

The “why” of all this is to better understand how planets, in general, form. The giant planets are the dominant objects in a planetary system, and the habitable, or terrestrial, planets, are in some ways afterthoughts or leftovers of the evolution of the protoplanetary disk. How the giant planets get to be the way they are will help us understand how our own planet got to be such a friendly place, and how many other friendly places there might be in the galaxy. And to understand how they got to be the way they are, we have to know, well, how they are. Our knowledge of the upper atmospheres of the giant planets in our system is reasonably detailed. But these planets have no solid surface like the Earth and Mars, and that makes figuring out what is going on inside tricky.

Jupiter from the Cassini spacecraft
Image credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute

The “how” is going to get a big boost from the upcoming Juno mission to Jupiter. This spacecraft will orbit Jupiter with a closest approach just a few thousand km above the cloudtops, not to get a better picture of the clouds, but so that Jupiter’s gravity will have a stronger effect on the spacecraft’s trajectory and so that the strong inner region of Jupiter’s magnetic field can be explored. If Jupiter were a perfect sphere then Juno’s orbit would be a perfect and constant ellipse. The uneven distribution of mass in the planet’s interior, combined the flattening of the planet due to its rotation, result in a gravity field that causes perturbations in the orbits of objects nearby. By flying very close to Jupiter, those perturbations are magnified and will allow Juno scientists to refine our models of the interior of the planet. The magnetic field is created by the motion of metallic Hydrogen deep in the interior so measurements of the magnetic field also tell us about the interior. Scientists such as Guillot face the challenge of modeling planetary interiors where the pressures are extremely high (millions of times the atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth). To successfully model the interior of Jupiter, for example, we need to know how materials respond to changes in pressure at those very high pressures which can only be achieved in laboratory experiments on very small samples for tiny fractions of a second.

So what is the interior of Jupiter like? Jupiter is about 318 times more massive than the Earth, and most of that is Hydrogen and Helium gas. At the center is a core of highly smushed rock and ice that is only about 10 times as massive as the Earth. Above that, the Hydrogen gas is so compressed that is in a strange state called metallic Hydrogen, and it is here that Jupiter’s strong magnetic field is generated. Juno’s launch is scheduled for no earlier than 2010. In the meantime, Guillot and others are studying the ever-growing giant planet menagerie with information as simple as the mass, size, and orbit of the planet.

Saturn’s Clouds in Warm False Color

This composite picture of Saturn uses infrared to show the warmer clouds deep in the atmosphere superimposed with the reflected sunlight from the upper haze layers. The temperatures of the clouds are insensitive to sunlight, so we seem them on the night side as well as the day side. See here for details.

Cassini Image PIA08732, NASA
Image credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona

Now I Really Want to go to Mars

I get e-mail alerts about funding opportunities for scientific research in my field. Usually these alerts are for NASA, NSF, or DoD programs. They might be for basic scientific research on various aspects of the solar system, or occasionally for instruments or mission proposals to the other planets. Most of the time I already know about these funding opportunities, but sometimes the e-mail notification points out a program that I was not aware of. So when I got a notification for “Mars and Lunar Exploration Awards” I followed the link. After all, “exploration” is the code word for everything NASA is doing related to someday returning people to the Moon. I’ve already been involved in successful proposals related to lunar exploration. Well these new awards sure do sweeten the pot for lunar and Martian exploration. The Earth and Space Foundation, based in England, has established several awards. This one is typical:
The first team to complete an overland traverse of the Martian south polar ice cap, reach the Martian south pole, and return across the cap wins the award. And the award is…

Are you ready?

A trophy!

Specifically, a trophy with a plaque with room for the names of all the people in the expedition to the Martian south pole, and a “symbolic” rock from Earth’s own polar continent, Antarctica! Well what are we waiting for? Now there’s a real incentive to go to Mars!

Sugar Cane Ethanol

I was a bit too critical of the Obvio! mini-car from Brazil for having less than spectacular gas mileage. The numbers I mentioned are actually for ethanol, which has a lower specific energy density (technically, the amount of oomph per kilogram of fuel) than gasoline. The Obvio! web site estimates mileage would be about 10 per cent better on gasoline. The Consumer’s Union study of ethanol found an even bigger disparity in gas mileage between gasoline and E85, an 85 per cent ethanol, 15 per cent gasoline mix. So the Obvio! might inch up toward the 50 mpg range on the highway running on good old petroleum.

The reason this Brazilian car is geared towards ethanol is because sugar cane ethanol is a bumper crop in Brazil (see here, for example). Here in the United States the government is offering incentives for corn-derived ethanol, and that is what is used in the E85 blends. However, it takes more energy to get a gallon of ethanol from corn than it does from sugar cane. To maintain support for the corn-ethanol industry, the United States imposes a hefty tarif on Brazil’s sugar cane ethanol, preventing it from becoming an economically viable export to this country. Meanwhile, following an aggressive government policy mandating ethanol use in Brazil, it now accounts for 20% of their fuel, and their gasoline usage has actually declined in the last 30 years.